Samsung implemented exactly what you want under the name Samsung DeX - https://beebom.com/install-linux-on-dex https://beebom.com/install-linux-on-dex However

Samsung implemented exactly what you want under the name Samsung DeX - https://beebom.com/install-linux-on-dex https://beebom.com/install-linux-on-dex However it seemed to not been interesting to the users because noone really used it and they cancelled the project. Their phones (the Galaxy series) still do support projecting a desktop mode when you plug the phone into a USB-C monitor. They now run "just" Android apps though.