The algorithm design manual by skienna is a popular choice. The first half is more instructional regarding different classes of algorithms and datastructures an

The algorithm design manual by skienna is a popular choice. The first half is more instructional regarding different classes of algorithms and datastructures and how they should be used while the second half is like an encyclopedia of descriptions of various algorithms. It's a very approachable read and I've found it to be a great book, all around. A lot of people recommend the super heavy tome textbooks, which could be useful, but I feel like from your description you'd be better off with this