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I like this refutation of the paperclip maximizer scenario, which ties in to your observation: Let's say there's a runaway superintelligence equipped with an o

I like this refutation of the paperclip maximizer scenario, which ties in to your observation: Let's say there's a runaway superintelligence equipped with an optimization function that says it should produce a maximal amount of paperclips. Then either its objective, "produce a maximal amount of paperclips" is defined literally or not. If it's defined literally, e.g. "make your sensors return this data consistent with lots of paperclips having been produced", then it's far easier for the AI to corrupt its sensors with paperclip porn than actually destroy the Earth, and there's no problem. On the other hand, if the objective is not defined literally, then the AI must be able to understand fuzzy instructions in the way the humans intended it to. In that case, it would be no problem to tell the AI to not be an ass either. So the problem happens when the AI isn't intelligent enough, and uses heuristics instead of properly optimizing. The extreme case would be grey goo, which doesn't think at all, but just blindly consumes everything. Giving extreme power to something with limited intelligence is generally a bad move.

newsbinator 5y ago
The fear is the AI misunderstanding fuzzy instructions in an unpredictable way.
Isinlor 5y ago
Thinking about it in terms of intelligence is actually misleading. It's not about intelligence, it's about power to change the world. Take SARS-CoV-2. It is a small RNA program ~32kb that duplicates and optimizes itself by random search. It managed to hijack more computing power than our best supercomputers have [0] and kill a lot of us in the process. By my estimates just the process of copying all SARS-CoV-2 vrions in the world with reproduction rate of 1 takes at least 1 petaFLOPS and up to 100 exaFLOPS. That's in the range of TOP500 supercomputers (1.3 petaFLOPS - 442 petaFLOPS) [1]. SARS-CoV-2 has certainly a lot of computing power and is still able to outsmart the whole human civilization. Is that a super-intelligence? Imagine if we manage to create equally stupid program that will figure out how to hijack heat or electrical power of our civilization and feed it into its own growth. Quite likely it would result in nuclear meltdowns all around the world. Exponentially growing computational processes are dangerous no matter if they are intelligent or whether they even have any objectives besides just being. [0] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=26646029 https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=26646029 [1] https://www.top500.org/statistics/perfdevel/ https://www.top500.org/statistics/perfdevel/
- someguyorother 5y ago
  Which the refutation makes clear: it's not about intelligence, because a sufficiently powerful intelligence will just outwit its objective function in the most efficient way possible (which is closer to "porn" than "destroy the Earth"). Grey goo is powerful not because it can outwit, but because it has so much brute force. On the other hand, intelligence is closer to efficiency of action: not requiring exponential time to solve something that's NP-complete, for instance. I don't think you can translate computing power like you do (a crypto miner ASIC handles a lot of bits per second, but zero FLOPS as it's all integer math; a nuclear bomb is a self-propagating reaction that alters the mass equivalent of lots of bits, but zero FLOPS). But apart from that, I agree. And I just think the "beware AI, it will become so smart that it turns into the sorcerer's apprentice" fear is misguided, because it focuses on the wrong thing. It sure makes a good narrative though! That's why it's so popular.
  - Isinlor 5y ago
    Objective functions are just weak anthropocentric abstractions. If you take a random 110 rule or any other Turing machine how can you know its objective function? What was the objective function of abiogenesis? Can we outsmart the objective function of life? > I don't think you can translate computing power like you do. Yes, certainly human cell nucleus will not be a good general purpose computer and in this sense it's more similar to an ASIC. So, take it as a lower bound on computing power necessary to brute-force simulate the virus replication. I think it should be accurate this way. Classical computers will need at least n operations to physically copy n bits. There are also arguments that biology is very close to the thermodynamic limits of computations [0] [1]. > Here we show that the computational efficiency of translation, defined as free energy expended per amino acid operation, outperforms the best supercomputers by several orders of magnitude, and is only about an order of magnitude worse than the Landauer bound. [0] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5686401/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5686401/ [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landauer%27s_principle https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landauer%27s_principle And yes, nuclear bombs are extremely useless as computational devices, but also extremely dangerous. They share runaway aspect with viruses, but the good thing is that nuclear bombs self-destroy. Unfortunately programs like viruses reach equilibrium with the environment and are extremely successful at keeping on existing under natural selection. There are also good reasons to believe that viruses are in a local maximum. The global maximum would be spreading to the whole universe. Overall, it does not matter if a computation is efficient as long as it has access to enough power and stars provide ridiculous amounts of power.

newsbinator 5y ago

The fear is the AI misunderstanding fuzzy instructions in an unpredictable way.

Isinlor 5y ago

Thinking about it in terms of intelligence is actually misleading. It's not about intelligence, it's about power to change the world. Take SARS-CoV-2. It is a small RNA program ~32kb that duplicates and optimizes itself by random search. It managed to hijack more computing power than our best supercomputers have [0] and kill a lot of us in the process. By my estimates just the process of copying all SARS-CoV-2 vrions in the world with reproduction rate of 1 takes at least 1 petaFLOPS and up to 100 exaFLOPS. That's in the range of TOP500 supercomputers (1.3 petaFLOPS - 442 petaFLOPS) [1]. SARS-CoV-2 has certainly a lot of computing power and is still able to outsmart the whole human civilization. Is that a super-intelligence? Imagine if we manage to create equally stupid program that will figure out how to hijack heat or electrical power of our civilization and feed it into its own growth. Quite likely it would result in nuclear meltdowns all around the world. Exponentially growing computational processes are dangerous no matter if they are intelligent or whether they even have any objectives besides just being. [0] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=26646029 https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=26646029 [1] https://www.top500.org/statistics/perfdevel/ https://www.top500.org/statistics/perfdevel/

someguyorother 5y ago
Which the refutation makes clear: it's not about intelligence, because a sufficiently powerful intelligence will just outwit its objective function in the most efficient way possible (which is closer to "porn" than "destroy the Earth"). Grey goo is powerful not because it can outwit, but because it has so much brute force. On the other hand, intelligence is closer to efficiency of action: not requiring exponential time to solve something that's NP-complete, for instance. I don't think you can translate computing power like you do (a crypto miner ASIC handles a lot of bits per second, but zero FLOPS as it's all integer math; a nuclear bomb is a self-propagating reaction that alters the mass equivalent of lots of bits, but zero FLOPS). But apart from that, I agree. And I just think the "beware AI, it will become so smart that it turns into the sorcerer's apprentice" fear is misguided, because it focuses on the wrong thing. It sure makes a good narrative though! That's why it's so popular.
- Isinlor 5y ago
  Objective functions are just weak anthropocentric abstractions. If you take a random 110 rule or any other Turing machine how can you know its objective function? What was the objective function of abiogenesis? Can we outsmart the objective function of life? > I don't think you can translate computing power like you do. Yes, certainly human cell nucleus will not be a good general purpose computer and in this sense it's more similar to an ASIC. So, take it as a lower bound on computing power necessary to brute-force simulate the virus replication. I think it should be accurate this way. Classical computers will need at least n operations to physically copy n bits. There are also arguments that biology is very close to the thermodynamic limits of computations [0] [1]. > Here we show that the computational efficiency of translation, defined as free energy expended per amino acid operation, outperforms the best supercomputers by several orders of magnitude, and is only about an order of magnitude worse than the Landauer bound. [0] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5686401/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5686401/ [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landauer%27s_principle https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landauer%27s_principle And yes, nuclear bombs are extremely useless as computational devices, but also extremely dangerous. They share runaway aspect with viruses, but the good thing is that nuclear bombs self-destroy. Unfortunately programs like viruses reach equilibrium with the environment and are extremely successful at keeping on existing under natural selection. There are also good reasons to believe that viruses are in a local maximum. The global maximum would be spreading to the whole universe. Overall, it does not matter if a computation is efficient as long as it has access to enough power and stars provide ridiculous amounts of power.