I have read about the original case for JIT. Toyota and others, for example, do not hold the parts but bully their suppliers into holding them. They implicitly

I have read about the original case for JIT. Toyota and others, for example, do not hold the parts but bully their suppliers into holding them. They implicitly recognise the need for maintaining inventory but have forced someone else to bear the costs of maintaining it. HN is not usually biased against taxes which is the subtext I see in your original post. There are bad policies and unintended consequences to some taxes.