I see no reason why an interested high schooler couldn't make it through a CS 101 course that introduced them to programming and gave them a base level of skill

I see no reason why an interested high schooler couldn't make it through a CS 101 course that introduced them to programming and gave them a base level of skill in a language. If you want to add breadth, you could either assign presentations from a list of topics (e.g. compilers, operating systems, AI) or you could take the bull by the horns and do these presentations yourself as part of the instruction. I think it's a good idea, and if I ever came into a situation where that would be possible, I'd gladly teach high school CS.