That is an option I kind of outlined as leasing/subscribing to the battery back are the easiest mechanisms to do this. If the car owner only charged via swappi

That is an option I kind of outlined as leasing/subscribing to the battery back are the easiest mechanisms to do this. If the car owner only charged via swapping you could do a system where the cost of the pack was part of the electricity cost (eg: like a propane/co2 tank swap). The downside to this specific one is that you would have to either prevent charging or charge a fee if they did not swap in a specific time period as the battery is a significant capital expense. Swapping is getting more unlikely as car makers are switching over to structural battery packs which makes swapping the pack non-trivial.