Power Query's streaming semantics for tables and lists can lead to severe performance issues with even modest data volumes. Table.Buffer and List.Buffer offer s

Power Query's streaming semantics for tables and lists can lead to severe performance issues with even modest data volumes. Table.Buffer and List.Buffer offer some small amount of control, but it's likely that you have a pipeline that creates a series of intermediate table and/or list values. Every single table and list function (with the exception of the buffer functions mentioned above) creates a new lazy stream. Accumulation patterns perform abysmally even with data in the 100Ks of elements. Say you have a table of inventory movements and want instead a snapshot table of inventory at point in time. You can do an O(n^2) self-join of a table with itself to all records with a lesser date, summing all movements to derive a total quantity at that time. If you want to use an accumulation pattern, you can sort and cast your table to a list of records and then use List.Accumulate to iterate over each list element, deriving a new field with the running total of inventory amount. If you do this, you will find that it falls right over even with 1Ks or 10Ks of records. This is because the intermediate list that you're appending to through the accumulation is itself a lazy stream. Thus, you have to use List.Buffer at each step. Even with List.Buffer at each step, this solution falls over at high 10Ks or low 100Ks of records. Incredibly unintuitively, you can use List.Generate with an already-buffered input list to derive a new list that can then be cast back to a table, though this still struggles with 100Ks of records. If your snapshots can be aggregates, then you can happily throw out the idea of such an accumulation pattern and just join to a date table at the appropriate grain with all movement records less than or equal to the date in that date table. I'll note that I regularly speak with several of the people whose blogs you will inevitably come across when performance tuning Power Query. The approaches above are the current state of the art in PQ for iteration and accumulation patterns. This is not an appeal to authority or a brag. This is to highlight the difference with the Excel spreadsheet formula approach below, which even beginners can derive from first principals. In an Excel spreadsheet, for the same challenge, you just define a new column with a special first row formula, and each subsequent cell referencing the row above. This will happily run right up to the spreadsheet row limit with no performance concerns. If you really want, you can spill over to multiple spreadsheets, which is clunky to manage, but still performs just fine, and degrades slowly. The M approaches above hit a cliff and start hanging. Excel formulas make it trivial to reference arbitrary cells. M is a nearly-general purpose language. PQ uses M, but as a framework for writing M, it has a strong emphasis on a query/table paradigm. A table-based operation model cuts against the grain of a spreadsheet, because a spreadsheet is a collection of arbitrary cells. A tabular approach is a collection of similarly shaped records stacked one upon the other. These two paradigms have a fair amount of overlap, but are not isomorphic. There are things trivial to express in one that become difficult bordering on impossible in the other.