> no invigilation leads to cheating (by few students but enough to be a real problem, especially for professional qualifications - my direct experience and inst

> no invigilation leads to cheating (by few students but enough to be a real problem, especially for professional qualifications - my direct experience and institution experience); How is it a real problem (I've never cheated but always felt I got fair grades, not affected by whatever cheaters did)? If a student memorizes everything they need for the exam today, but forget all of it tomorrow, is that useful? That's a very real thing happening every day in exams, and nobody highlights it as as big a problem as cheating (I think it's a bigger problem actually, but the solution is not necessarily in finding those who can do that, but in optimizing the material so memorization is not such a core part of it before you start specializing). In careers where such things really matter (think medicine), people only progress by demonstrating actual knowledge and understanding while gaining real-life experience. We don't get a surgeon out of a medical school that hasn't shadowed a surgeon and been quizzed on things to do next. It's similar with engineering: you are given smaller, simpler things when you start off, and you build up your knowledge and experience before being given the role of a lead engineer for an airplane engine. Exam grades are never used as a measure of someone's knowledge on the topic, though a paper they authored, or their dissertation, naturally, might.