I think there are other options besides 1 and 2. For example, 3) non-white non-males experience different cultural pressures (or a different culture altogether)

I think there are other options besides 1 and 2. For example, 3) non-white non-males experience different cultural pressures (or a different culture altogether) and have different expectations set by their family/peers/selves and and their careers when it comes time to work towards a profession.