So one element which kinda wraps all of these concepts together is what some have called the "Golden Age of Islam".[1] The [literal] Empire which emerged from M

So one element which kinda wraps all of these concepts together is what some have called the "Golden Age of Islam".[1] The [literal] Empire which emerged from Muhammad's legacy became a source of great intellectual thinking (while Europe had just entered its dark age). This makes sense, being the place of some of the oldest civilizations on Earth, and surrounded by several other great civilizations. During this time (a few hundred years after the fall of Rome) the texts of the ancient Greek philosophers and scientists became quite popular among Muslim thinkers. One could argue that this Golden Age included a natural continuation of the works of Aristotle, Plato, etc. Furthermore, they adopted a new system of representing numbers from India which turned out to be a convenient language for formalizing the concepts of Algebra (done by Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi in the early 800's [2]). Sadly I can't recommend any books -- this was conjured up from my memories of this subject from College some time ago (with the guiding help of Wikipedia to fill in some gaps). [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Musa_al-Khwarizmi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Musa_al-Khwarizmi