Unions may be part of the costs, but please don't underestimate infrastructure failures that arise from in the project planning and execution phases. For insta

Unions may be part of the costs, but please don't underestimate infrastructure failures that arise from in the project planning and execution phases. For instance, the construction union may mean that you pay a man to just stand around and do nothing, but when the MTA doesn't have any idea what people on site are supposed to do to begin with, and when they scrupulously dispose of all the people with project expertise the moment Phase I of the project is over (with no concern at all for Phase II), it's hard to assign that as the root cause for the billions in cost overruns on the Second Avenue Subway.