Sort of. You'd be able to define double fprime(double (*f)(double), double x); but you wouldn't be able to define double (*deriv(double (*f)(double))

Sort of. You'd be able to define double fprime(double (*f)(double), double x); but you wouldn't be able to define double (*deriv(double (*f)(double)))(double); as C does not support closures. Meanwhile, in C++ you might use std::function<double(double)> deriv(std::function<double(double)> f);