I also like this approach, although I am using Nix instead of Docker for a slightly more lightweight way of managing dependencies of different stages. If you a

I also like this approach, although I am using Nix instead of Docker for a slightly more lightweight way of managing dependencies of different stages. If you also reduce the assumptions made by your CI scripts, as in the scripts themselves will authenticate to and set up any needed connectivity / port forwarding, or fetch secrets instead of being passed secrets from the CI system, then you end up with some really nice portable scripts that can be run from anywhere. The only things that my CI scripts depend on is an authentication token to Hashicorp Vault, an internet connection and Nix to be installed on the machine.