It's the same point over and over again. A bank can give out a loan because it is operating in a place where the government (a.k.a people) give it a place to op

It's the same point over and over again. A bank can give out a loan because it is operating in a place where the government (a.k.a people) give it a place to operate, in a system of currency regulated by governments, and ultimately has to answer to governments when it runs into the limits of its smoke screens. What this inevitably means is that when it fucks up and doesn't juggle fast enough or people all change their expectations (like if everybody wants to suddenly pull money out of their accounts), then the money that doesn't exist has to end up existing one way or another - and governments foot the bill directly and/or indirectly. In less "agitated" times, that "fake" money being created is a direct measure of the value that banks are agreeing to see in the people they loan the money out to (and in fact they see a higher value over the exact same horizon of time and at any given value of t, otherwise they wouldn't loan the money out unless regulations force them to). In both cases, money that circulates at any moment in time is money that exists in the system (yes it's a tautology), with money that exists at t+1 being paid one way or another by the system. If everybody takes out their money right now and that's more than what the banks have, governments step in and the impact over the financial system is the value of money itself falling, with the cost being that everybody having relied on money now has less value out of it. It's not because it's not using the term "dollar" that it isn't a cost, just like on the other end of the system where we bet on humans creating value the humans in question aren't magically producing fully-formed dollar bills. Both ends of the system aren't formulated in dollars in and of themselves, because dollars are only the medium to 'illustrate' or represent the value, not the value itself. Ceci n'est pas une pipe, etc.