In the past few years I introduced a new concept that provides a simple and universal mathematical way to represent information AND meaning. The basic idea is

In the past few years I introduced a new concept that provides a simple and universal mathematical way to represent information AND meaning. The basic idea is to recursively build grammars as trees in 2-D Cartesian space. Then you just count the elements. https://github.com/treenotation/research/blob/master/papers/paper3/countingComplexity.pdf https://github.com/treenotation/research/blob/master/papers/... It's still in its infancy, but it is very pragmatic and very useful.