All your points should be addressed in this (IMHO excellent) blog post: https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2021/02/02/myths-of-vaccine-manufacturin

All your points should be addressed in this (IMHO excellent) blog post: https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2021/02/02/myths-of-vaccine-manufacturing https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2021/02/02/my... In short - mRNA vaccines are cutting edge & require the most high tech machines and processes in some of their stages, which create the bottleneck. As for partnering/licensing - that's preatty much a thing & has been for a while, still there is quite some time to get a new production line working in a safe and predictable manner. BTW, there is also a companion article about the bottlenecks for adenovirus based vaccines (Astra Zeneca and others), which have a different set of bottlenecks: https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2021/02/08/how-you-make-an-adenovirus-vaccine https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2021/02/08/ho...