> Most of the community finds python sufficient because they do not need to interleave training and simulating. That's kind of my point. Most of the community

> Most of the community finds python sufficient because they do not need to interleave training and simulating. That's kind of my point. Most of the community has models running on GPU's and don't care too much about CPU-bound workloads, training or otherwise. If you do care about that, you are in a relatively small niche of machine learning, statistically speaking. I am not denying it's existence, I'm just saying that your stack will have to be different if you want to extract the maximum level of performance out of your CPU. > IIRC, a maintainer of a popular project/framework that I contribute saw improvements upwards of 2x when using C++ over python. That's not surprising at all. Like I mentioned in the parent, if you profiled your code and you found that Python function calls are the main bottleneck, and you believe it to be worth investing time in getting rid of them, you can use the C++ API's of Caffe/TF/PyTorch/Whatever. I personally don't work in simulations so I haven't ran into your problem. In the deep learning world, the CPU is unusable for any task (training, inference, evaluation, etc.), so I've never been concerned with things like function call overhead.