The paper Genetic relatedness in social groups of the emerald coral goby Paragobiodon xanthosoma creates potential for weak kin selection [1]: > We found that

The paper Genetic relatedness in social groups of the emerald coral goby Paragobiodon xanthosoma creates potential for weak kin selection [1]: > We found that estimated pairwise relatedness among individuals within groups was significantly higher than the pairwise relatedness among individuals from the same reef, and pairwise relatedness among individuals from the same reef was significantly higher than the pairwise relatedness among individuals from different reefs. This spatial signature suggests that there may be very limited dispersal in this species. The slightly positive relatedness within groups creates the potential for weak kin selection, which may help to resolve the paradox of why breeders tolerate subordinates in P. xanthosoma. The other paradox, why nonbreeders tolerate their situation, is better explained by alternative hypotheses such as territory inheritance, and ecological and social constraints. We show that even in marine animals with dispersive larval phases, kin selection needs to be considered to explain the evolution of complex social groups. Reef fish have a pelagic larval stage so they generally don’t share a habitat with their parents: > While the kin selection hypothesis has generally been overlooked in marine species based on the assumption that the dispersal larval phase breaks up kin aggregations (Leis, 1991; Shanks, 2009; Victor, 1984), recent empirical and theoretical results suggest that delayed dispersal, kin cohesion and/or limited dispersal may lead to some close relatives finding themselves in close proximity even in marine populations (D'Aloia & Neubert, 2018; D'Aloia et al., 2018). [1] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mec.15809 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mec.15809