I don't think modules or namespaces really count as OOP. And encapsulation can exist in the absence of OOP if the privacy barrier exists at (eg) the module leve

I don't think modules or namespaces really count as OOP. And encapsulation can exist in the absence of OOP if the privacy barrier exists at (eg) the module level instead of the class level. I'd argue that inheritance is really the core of OOP (and by extension methods, which are only different from functions insofar as they interact with inheritance).