>Unfortunately I don't think there's huge scope for more hydro across Europe as it's very disruptive to build. My doubt is not really about new hydro. I suspec

>Unfortunately I don't think there's huge scope for more hydro across Europe as it's very disruptive to build. My doubt is not really about new hydro. I suspect it's mostly maxed out in most places. Both because of geography and policy reasons. It's more two things: 1) The hydro we have on the total grid is enough to balance how much wind+solar? There are countries with a lot more hydro resources than others (e.g., Norway has an even more hydro-based mix than Portugal) that could potentially allow a healthier grid mix with better interconnects. New interconnects have been announced but I haven't found a source for a total opportunity. 2) How much of the hydro we have can be converted to pumped hydro to use as a battery. If you see the spreadsheet Portugal pumps in reverse about 14% of the energy. Not all dams have the geography for it but even the ones that do may not have the requisite hardware for it. How much can this be expanded?