How do you measure qualitative innovation? If research is a good measure of innovation, China is only second to the US in AI research, for example. If innovati

How do you measure qualitative innovation? If research is a good measure of innovation, China is only second to the US in AI research, for example. If innovation is measured by consumer adoption of new technology, TikTok is the first major AI-first consumer application. In other markets too, China has made major innovations in the consumer space that have not caught up in the West yet - ecommerce, fintech, consumer goods and more. None of these are top-down CCP mandated innovations.