I worked briefly in this field. The key concept is the “sonar equation,” but it needs to be modified to include the factors of the specific area of ocean (depth

I worked briefly in this field. The key concept is the “sonar equation,” but it needs to be modified to include the factors of the specific area of ocean (depth, cylindrical/spherical propagation characteristics, temp, shipping traffic, etc). There are not a lot of public sources on the topic, but here’s one I found, if you want a starting point to learn more: https://fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/fun/part08.htm https://fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/fun/part08.htm