The core challenge for VW, as well as for Tesla, is not just how to excel at software, as opposed to building cars, which VW is already good at. VW's ICE ecosy

The core challenge for VW, as well as for Tesla, is not just how to excel at software, as opposed to building cars, which VW is already good at. VW's ICE ecosystem works for 3rd party car component manufacturers, but VW doesn't yet know how to engineer software, or how to develop a software platform that is the basis of an ecosystem in which 3rd party devs could flourish. The challenge seems similar to the one faced by personal computers in 1980, when computing was still dominated by mainframes. At that point, the whole computer industry was an ecosystem controlled by a couple of mainframe manufacturers, and populated by a few thousand COBOL and FORTRAN programmers. The Apple ][ and CP/M computers existed, but not at a disruptive scale. Personal computers took off when the IBM PC provided a platform where 3rd party application developers could flourish, technically and commercially. The same thing happened again a quarter century later with the iPhone and Android ecosystems. What will be the enabler for EV's to grow a huge ecosystem? A monolithic Tesla? An Android or an IOS for Automobiles?