>Are adhoc gangs/groups that perform altruism common across genetic lines? It's common in the sense that symbiotic relationships are common across ecosystems a

>Are adhoc gangs/groups that perform altruism common across genetic lines? It's common in the sense that symbiotic relationships are common across ecosystems and probably a definitive element of what makes them a "system". Stephen Gould took the idea further in his idea of "hierarchal evolution". Evolution isn't just happening on the genetic, individual, group, and species levels. It's happening at every level of organization.