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How do they ensure that antibodies for the spike protein don't interfere with other processes in the body? E.g. if the spike protein bears a sufficient resembl

by jcims 6y ago

How do they ensure that antibodies for the spike protein don't interfere with other processes in the body? E.g. if the spike protein bears a sufficient resemblance to part of another protein expressed by healthy human tissue, is there a risk of an immune response? Presumably the Phase 1 trial would sort that out for the most part, just wondering if there is any kind of ability to screen for that ahead of time.

ch4s3 6y ago
The viral spike proteins aren’t like other proteins the float around in your body, but the are like the proteins on other viruses. Your immune system also has a baroque system for determining which things in your body belong to you.
- programmarchy 6y ago
  Do we really know this? Obviously the spike proteins are using an existing mechanism (ACE2) in our bodies to bind to cells. Of primary importance to both viruses and our reproductive system is the membrane fusion function for instance. We must also consider how our bodies developed in the first place; “RNA world” and “virus world” theories predict our genetics evolved from RNA-based processes or even a primordial graveyard of viral RNA. We also don’t fully understand what causes autoimmune disease, but various environmental causes have been explored including bacterial and viral infections. Presumably if a viral infection could trigger an autoimmune response in certain genetically predisposed groups, then so could a vaccine designed to mimic a virus. Unfortunately the incentives in our medical system are not designed to find cures for autoimmune diseases, although they are very much incentivized for palliative care, so progress has been painfully slow in understanding the deeper complexities of the immune system.
  - deleted 6y ago
    [deleted]
  - Exmoor 6y ago
    > Presumably if a viral infection could trigger an autoimmune response in certain genetically predisposed groups, then so could a vaccine designed to mimic a virus. This is true. Some of the extremely rare auto-immune issues that have impacted people who have been vaccinated for specific flu viruses in, IIRC, 1976 and 2009, were thought to occur at even higher rates and severity with people who contracted the virus. So, vaccination might impact you, but likely worse the the virus itself due to the greater amount of virus in your system. I am not a scientist, but I would expect that the mRNA vaccines would have less of a chance of having an auto-immune reaction since they contain only one of the many proteins contained in the actual virus.
    - programmarchy 6y ago
      Yeah, I’m actually very hopeful that mRNA medicine will be able to overcome issues like these in ways traditional vaccines couldn’t. For example, variations could be developed that are more effective for each racial group, rather than a one-size-fits all approach that may be biased. From there, perhaps even individuals who have autoimmune disease markers could have variants developed for them as well.
      - axiosgunnar 6y ago
        Are you saying there are genetic differences between races?
        mschuster91 6y ago
        Yes, certain medications have different dosages depending on ethnic groups: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.704023 https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.... There exist even special medicine to account for genetic differences in Black people: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isosorbide_dinitrate/hydralazine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isosorbide_dinitrate/hydralazi...
        jcims 6y ago
        There are definitely phenotypical variations in humans that have health implications. To the extent that some of these are adaptive to region they may align with the rather poorly defined buckets we call ‘race’. To GP’s point, lack of diversity in clinical trials can result in medicines that vary in efficacy and safety in the broader population. The ability to customize a therapy to an individual would help reduce the impact of this issue.
  - Turing_Machine 6y ago
    > Do we really know this? Obviously the spike proteins are using an existing mechanism (ACE2) in our bodies to bind to cells. Sure, but aren't the proteins produced by the vaccine virtually identical to the ones produced by the actual virus? If so, the calculus looks like this: 1) Take the vaccine and accept the (unknown, but apparently quite small) probability that something in your body will react very negatively to the generated viral proteins. 2) Get the virus, accept the probability (also unknown, but the same as in 1) that something in your body will react very negatively to the viral proteins, plus accept the additional risk of being infected by the actual virus. I guess the third possibility would be to refuse the vaccine and gamble that you won't get the virus, either.
    - antonzabirko 6y ago
      Or have the virus already and get immunity in that way.
      - Turing_Machine 6y ago
        That would be the same as 2, in terms of risk from the body reacting negatively to the viral proteins.
      - serpix 6y ago
        and possibly infect scores of other people, some of them not so lucky and will get the serious case requiring hospitalisation or worse.
        programmarchy 6y ago
        It’s not clear if the vaccine will prevent infectiousness yet, unfortunately, so for now it’s best to assume even vaccinated people can spread the virus until more is known. Both ways will increase herd immunity.
    - jcims 6y ago
      I generally agree with you. Keep in mind I'm at 'stayed at the Holiday Inn' levels of competence here, but in my mind the spike proteins that are generated by an actual infection don't typically leave the cytoplasm detached from the rest of the virus. This could be incorrect. If that's generally true, the difference here would be that the part of the spike protein topology that is typically bound to other proteins in an actual infection would be accessible to the immune system in the case of a vaccination. I think that is where the differential risk could occur with a vaccination that wouldn't occur with an actual infection (however small that might be). In my daughter's case, something happened when she was about 14 years old that caused her body to determine that the beta cells in her pancreas were invaders and have to die, so I'm just tuned into this kind of possible side effect.
- tamrix 6y ago
  Yeah, I'm not going first on this technology lol
  - Godel_unicode 6y ago
    That ship sailed months ago, when pfizer ran a clinical trial with 43,538 participants who were willing to go first if it meant helping find a vaccine.
    - amanaplanacanal 6y ago
      And unless you are in a high risk group, there will be millions more that will have gotten the vaccine before you even have the chance to make that choice.
- super_mario 6y ago
  Apparently, protein (Syncytin-1) present in the spike of SARS-COV2 is also present in human placenta. If the vaccine produces anti-bodies for this protein, it could also lead to infertility in women. I think the answer to this questions would be nice to have. "Several vaccine candidates are expected to induce the formation of humoral antibodies against spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Syncytin-1 (see Gallaher, B., “Response to nCoV2019 Against Backdrop of Endogenous Retroviruses” - http://virological.org/t/response-to-ncov2019- http://virological.org/t/response-to-ncov2019- against-backdrop-of-endogenous-retroviruses/396), which is derived from human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) and is responsible for the development of a placenta in mammals and humans and is therefore an essential prerequisite for a successful pregnancy, is also found in homologous form in the spike proteins of SARS viruses. There is no indication whether antibodies against spike proteins of SARS viruses would also act like anti-Syncytin-1 antibodies. However, if this were to be the case this would then also prevent the formation of a placenta which would result in vaccinated women essentially becoming infertile. To my knowledge, Pfizer/BioNTech has yet to release any samples of written materials provided to patients, so it is unclear what, if any, information regarding (potential) fertility-specific risks caused by antibodies is included."
  - kypro 6y ago
    Occurring to the AP this is inaccurate, > Jacob Yount, an associate professor of the department of microbial infection and immunity at Ohio State University, College of Medicine, has studied the syncytin proteins as well as SARS-CoV-2. Yount said the COVID vaccines do not contain syncytin-1 protein or mRNA encoding syncytin-1, and thus there is no reason to think that an immune response against syncytin-1 would be developed. > “We don’t see infertility with the flu vaccine and that is also targeting a viral fusion protein in a similar way that the spike is a viral fusion protein of the coronavirus,” he said. https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-9856420671 https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-9856420671
    - deleted 6y ago
      [deleted]
    - hajile 6y ago
abcc8 6y ago
Those developing the vaccine likely studied which viral epitopes (structural elements of the virus, consisting of multiple amino acids in a specific folded conformation) were recognized by antibodies from previously infected individuals. The frequency with which antibodies from different individuals are specific to any given epitope can indicate which epitopes might be best used in a vaccine.
flobosg 6y ago
> Tissue cross-reactivity assay is a standard method based on immunohistochemistry, required prior to phase I human studies for therapeutic antibodies. ―https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-reactivity#Applications_in_drug_development https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-reactivity#Applications_... EDIT: The mRNA vaccines are obviously not therapeutic antibodies, but they probably checked for cross-reactivity of the engineered spike protein as well as the generated antibodies using similar methods. I’m not 100% sure, though.
- jcims 6y ago
  This is perfect thank you!!!
- tn890 6y ago
  > EDIT: The mRNA vaccines are obviously not therapeutic antibodies, but they probably checked for cross-reactivity of the engineered spike protein as well as the generated antibodies using similar methods. I’m not 100% sure, though. There is a study[0] showing cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and other human tissues, thus predisposing the host to autoimmune diseases. This should apply even more so to any vaccine since vaccines produce a more robust immune response. Phase 2/3 of Pfizer-BioNTech did, however, include people with autoimmune diseases [1]. Other vaccine trials did not, as far as I am aware. This does not really shine a light on pre-disposition to an autoimmune disease 6-9-12 mo down the road. Reading this comment again before I post made me realize it sounds very gloomy, so I feel obliged to say I'll be getting whatever vaccine I can get my hands on at the soonest possible date. [0] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7246018/#__ffn_sectitle https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7246018/#__ffn_... [1] https://www.fda.gov/media/144245/download https://www.fda.gov/media/144245/download
  - flobosg 6y ago
    Thank you for the links! Here’s a review about autoimmunity in COVID-19: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896841120301281#sectitle0075 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089684112... > There is a study[0] showing cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and other human tissues, thus predisposing the host to autoimmune diseases. This should apply even more so to any vaccine since vaccines produce a more robust immune response. Since the antibody tested in the study was a commercial, monoclonal one, this is somewhat hard to assess. But I think you’re right given what they found in the blood tests. > This does not really shine a light on pre-disposition to an autoimmune disease 6-9-12 mo down the road. Autoimmune reactions should happen in the short run, right?
deleted 6y ago
[deleted]
m3kw9 6y ago
Right, meaning isn’t the generated spike protein supposed to bind to ACE2 receptors? If it binds, wouldn’t that disrupt some thing?
- arrosenberg 6y ago
  ACE-2 is a popular target for blood-pressure related medications, but I highly doubt the vaccine is creating enough spike proteins to cause a systemic effect. Otherwise you'd see people showing up with oxygenation and other blood/lung related issues, just like actual COVID patients. You just create a little bit of spike protein to give your immune system a benign target to work off of.
  - jcims 6y ago
    One thing I haven't been able to find yet is how many spike proteins are generated per strand of mRNA. Is it 1:1 or is the mRNA reused a few/buncha times before it degrades?
    - usrusr 6y ago
      I don't know, but I think that if it was just 1:1 it would be far easier to get the protein manufactured by cells living in a petri dish (that can be subjected to much more drastic changes) and inject those protein copies directly instead of mRNA wrapped in some fancy vector molecules.
      - tachyonbeam 6y ago
        The fancy vector molecules are just oils. AFAIK the reason they use mRNA is precisely because it's easy to make lots of it quickly through simple chemical processes. Proteins are much more complex, and harder to synthesize using traditional chemical processes.
    - tachyonbeam 6y ago
      Not all the mRNA makes it into your cells, but for the mRNA that does, it probably produces thousands of spike proteins before degrading.
deleted 6y ago
[deleted]
AntiImperialis3 6y ago
The same way they ensured that DDT doesn't have any long-term adverse environmental side-effects. The same way they did with antibiotics.
shawnz 6y ago
Wouldn't a real infection carry the same risks? Why would an mRNA vaccine be worse in that way?
- flavius29663 6y ago
  It depends how different the response to the vaccine vs the virus is. e.g. the vaccine immune response is based on the spike, while the virus could trigger an immune response based on some detail on the virus, but not the spike
  - shawnz 6y ago
    But there would still be a period of time where the spike protein was present in the body. Are you saying introducing other markers as well would make the presence of the spike protein less risky? Why would that be the case?
    - flavius29663 6y ago
      I didn't say that. I said that the antibodies might behave differently (this is purely theoretical, I have no idea) when presented with a spike vs a spike attached to a corona. That different behavior might cause different long term effects. It might be that the virus causes the worse long term effects and an auto immune attack... In fact, I personally know someone who got an auto-immune induced arthritis from getting a virus infection in central America.
      - deleted 6y ago
        [deleted]
aquadrop 6y ago
Considering that the original virus has this protein as well, I think getting the illness still will be worse. And in vaccine they can control amount of proteins produced. And they can check a lot of things before even hitting human trials, so risk should be minimal.
zilian 6y ago
Our bodies ard entirely capable of doing that without external mRNA. Im also interested in potential side effects when we already have an autoimmune disorder.

by jcims 6y ago

ch4s3 6y ago

The viral spike proteins aren’t like other proteins the float around in your body, but the are like the proteins on other viruses. Your immune system also has a baroque system for determining which things in your body belong to you.

programmarchy 6y ago
Do we really know this? Obviously the spike proteins are using an existing mechanism (ACE2) in our bodies to bind to cells. Of primary importance to both viruses and our reproductive system is the membrane fusion function for instance. We must also consider how our bodies developed in the first place; “RNA world” and “virus world” theories predict our genetics evolved from RNA-based processes or even a primordial graveyard of viral RNA. We also don’t fully understand what causes autoimmune disease, but various environmental causes have been explored including bacterial and viral infections. Presumably if a viral infection could trigger an autoimmune response in certain genetically predisposed groups, then so could a vaccine designed to mimic a virus. Unfortunately the incentives in our medical system are not designed to find cures for autoimmune diseases, although they are very much incentivized for palliative care, so progress has been painfully slow in understanding the deeper complexities of the immune system.
- deleted 6y ago
  [deleted]
- Exmoor 6y ago
  > Presumably if a viral infection could trigger an autoimmune response in certain genetically predisposed groups, then so could a vaccine designed to mimic a virus. This is true. Some of the extremely rare auto-immune issues that have impacted people who have been vaccinated for specific flu viruses in, IIRC, 1976 and 2009, were thought to occur at even higher rates and severity with people who contracted the virus. So, vaccination might impact you, but likely worse the the virus itself due to the greater amount of virus in your system. I am not a scientist, but I would expect that the mRNA vaccines would have less of a chance of having an auto-immune reaction since they contain only one of the many proteins contained in the actual virus.
  - programmarchy 6y ago
    Yeah, I’m actually very hopeful that mRNA medicine will be able to overcome issues like these in ways traditional vaccines couldn’t. For example, variations could be developed that are more effective for each racial group, rather than a one-size-fits all approach that may be biased. From there, perhaps even individuals who have autoimmune disease markers could have variants developed for them as well.
    - axiosgunnar 6y ago
      Are you saying there are genetic differences between races?
      - mschuster91 6y ago
        Yes, certain medications have different dosages depending on ethnic groups: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.704023 https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.... There exist even special medicine to account for genetic differences in Black people: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isosorbide_dinitrate/hydralazine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isosorbide_dinitrate/hydralazi...
      - jcims 6y ago
        There are definitely phenotypical variations in humans that have health implications. To the extent that some of these are adaptive to region they may align with the rather poorly defined buckets we call ‘race’. To GP’s point, lack of diversity in clinical trials can result in medicines that vary in efficacy and safety in the broader population. The ability to customize a therapy to an individual would help reduce the impact of this issue.
- Turing_Machine 6y ago
  > Do we really know this? Obviously the spike proteins are using an existing mechanism (ACE2) in our bodies to bind to cells. Sure, but aren't the proteins produced by the vaccine virtually identical to the ones produced by the actual virus? If so, the calculus looks like this: 1) Take the vaccine and accept the (unknown, but apparently quite small) probability that something in your body will react very negatively to the generated viral proteins. 2) Get the virus, accept the probability (also unknown, but the same as in 1) that something in your body will react very negatively to the viral proteins, plus accept the additional risk of being infected by the actual virus. I guess the third possibility would be to refuse the vaccine and gamble that you won't get the virus, either.
  - antonzabirko 6y ago
    Or have the virus already and get immunity in that way.
    - Turing_Machine 6y ago
      That would be the same as 2, in terms of risk from the body reacting negatively to the viral proteins.
    - serpix 6y ago
      and possibly infect scores of other people, some of them not so lucky and will get the serious case requiring hospitalisation or worse.
      - programmarchy 6y ago
        It’s not clear if the vaccine will prevent infectiousness yet, unfortunately, so for now it’s best to assume even vaccinated people can spread the virus until more is known. Both ways will increase herd immunity.
  - jcims 6y ago
    I generally agree with you. Keep in mind I'm at 'stayed at the Holiday Inn' levels of competence here, but in my mind the spike proteins that are generated by an actual infection don't typically leave the cytoplasm detached from the rest of the virus. This could be incorrect. If that's generally true, the difference here would be that the part of the spike protein topology that is typically bound to other proteins in an actual infection would be accessible to the immune system in the case of a vaccination. I think that is where the differential risk could occur with a vaccination that wouldn't occur with an actual infection (however small that might be). In my daughter's case, something happened when she was about 14 years old that caused her body to determine that the beta cells in her pancreas were invaders and have to die, so I'm just tuned into this kind of possible side effect.
tamrix 6y ago
Yeah, I'm not going first on this technology lol
- Godel_unicode 6y ago
  That ship sailed months ago, when pfizer ran a clinical trial with 43,538 participants who were willing to go first if it meant helping find a vaccine.
  - amanaplanacanal 6y ago
    And unless you are in a high risk group, there will be millions more that will have gotten the vaccine before you even have the chance to make that choice.
super_mario 6y ago
Apparently, protein (Syncytin-1) present in the spike of SARS-COV2 is also present in human placenta. If the vaccine produces anti-bodies for this protein, it could also lead to infertility in women. I think the answer to this questions would be nice to have. "Several vaccine candidates are expected to induce the formation of humoral antibodies against spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Syncytin-1 (see Gallaher, B., “Response to nCoV2019 Against Backdrop of Endogenous Retroviruses” - http://virological.org/t/response-to-ncov2019- http://virological.org/t/response-to-ncov2019- against-backdrop-of-endogenous-retroviruses/396), which is derived from human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) and is responsible for the development of a placenta in mammals and humans and is therefore an essential prerequisite for a successful pregnancy, is also found in homologous form in the spike proteins of SARS viruses. There is no indication whether antibodies against spike proteins of SARS viruses would also act like anti-Syncytin-1 antibodies. However, if this were to be the case this would then also prevent the formation of a placenta which would result in vaccinated women essentially becoming infertile. To my knowledge, Pfizer/BioNTech has yet to release any samples of written materials provided to patients, so it is unclear what, if any, information regarding (potential) fertility-specific risks caused by antibodies is included."
- kypro 6y ago
  Occurring to the AP this is inaccurate, > Jacob Yount, an associate professor of the department of microbial infection and immunity at Ohio State University, College of Medicine, has studied the syncytin proteins as well as SARS-CoV-2. Yount said the COVID vaccines do not contain syncytin-1 protein or mRNA encoding syncytin-1, and thus there is no reason to think that an immune response against syncytin-1 would be developed. > “We don’t see infertility with the flu vaccine and that is also targeting a viral fusion protein in a similar way that the spike is a viral fusion protein of the coronavirus,” he said. https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-9856420671 https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-9856420671
  - deleted 6y ago
    [deleted]
  - hajile 6y ago

abcc8 6y ago

Those developing the vaccine likely studied which viral epitopes (structural elements of the virus, consisting of multiple amino acids in a specific folded conformation) were recognized by antibodies from previously infected individuals. The frequency with which antibodies from different individuals are specific to any given epitope can indicate which epitopes might be best used in a vaccine.

flobosg 6y ago

> Tissue cross-reactivity assay is a standard method based on immunohistochemistry, required prior to phase I human studies for therapeutic antibodies. ―https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-reactivity#Applications_in_drug_development https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-reactivity#Applications_... EDIT: The mRNA vaccines are obviously not therapeutic antibodies, but they probably checked for cross-reactivity of the engineered spike protein as well as the generated antibodies using similar methods. I’m not 100% sure, though.

jcims 6y ago
This is perfect thank you!!!
tn890 6y ago
> EDIT: The mRNA vaccines are obviously not therapeutic antibodies, but they probably checked for cross-reactivity of the engineered spike protein as well as the generated antibodies using similar methods. I’m not 100% sure, though. There is a study[0] showing cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and other human tissues, thus predisposing the host to autoimmune diseases. This should apply even more so to any vaccine since vaccines produce a more robust immune response. Phase 2/3 of Pfizer-BioNTech did, however, include people with autoimmune diseases [1]. Other vaccine trials did not, as far as I am aware. This does not really shine a light on pre-disposition to an autoimmune disease 6-9-12 mo down the road. Reading this comment again before I post made me realize it sounds very gloomy, so I feel obliged to say I'll be getting whatever vaccine I can get my hands on at the soonest possible date. [0] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7246018/#__ffn_sectitle https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7246018/#__ffn_... [1] https://www.fda.gov/media/144245/download https://www.fda.gov/media/144245/download
- flobosg 6y ago
  Thank you for the links! Here’s a review about autoimmunity in COVID-19: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896841120301281#sectitle0075 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089684112... > There is a study[0] showing cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and other human tissues, thus predisposing the host to autoimmune diseases. This should apply even more so to any vaccine since vaccines produce a more robust immune response. Since the antibody tested in the study was a commercial, monoclonal one, this is somewhat hard to assess. But I think you’re right given what they found in the blood tests. > This does not really shine a light on pre-disposition to an autoimmune disease 6-9-12 mo down the road. Autoimmune reactions should happen in the short run, right?

deleted 6y ago

[deleted]

m3kw9 6y ago

Right, meaning isn’t the generated spike protein supposed to bind to ACE2 receptors? If it binds, wouldn’t that disrupt some thing?

arrosenberg 6y ago
ACE-2 is a popular target for blood-pressure related medications, but I highly doubt the vaccine is creating enough spike proteins to cause a systemic effect. Otherwise you'd see people showing up with oxygenation and other blood/lung related issues, just like actual COVID patients. You just create a little bit of spike protein to give your immune system a benign target to work off of.
- jcims 6y ago
  One thing I haven't been able to find yet is how many spike proteins are generated per strand of mRNA. Is it 1:1 or is the mRNA reused a few/buncha times before it degrades?
  - usrusr 6y ago
    I don't know, but I think that if it was just 1:1 it would be far easier to get the protein manufactured by cells living in a petri dish (that can be subjected to much more drastic changes) and inject those protein copies directly instead of mRNA wrapped in some fancy vector molecules.
    - tachyonbeam 6y ago
      The fancy vector molecules are just oils. AFAIK the reason they use mRNA is precisely because it's easy to make lots of it quickly through simple chemical processes. Proteins are much more complex, and harder to synthesize using traditional chemical processes.
  - tachyonbeam 6y ago
    Not all the mRNA makes it into your cells, but for the mRNA that does, it probably produces thousands of spike proteins before degrading.

deleted 6y ago

[deleted]

AntiImperialis3 6y ago

The same way they ensured that DDT doesn't have any long-term adverse environmental side-effects. The same way they did with antibiotics.

shawnz 6y ago

Wouldn't a real infection carry the same risks? Why would an mRNA vaccine be worse in that way?

flavius29663 6y ago
It depends how different the response to the vaccine vs the virus is. e.g. the vaccine immune response is based on the spike, while the virus could trigger an immune response based on some detail on the virus, but not the spike
- shawnz 6y ago
  But there would still be a period of time where the spike protein was present in the body. Are you saying introducing other markers as well would make the presence of the spike protein less risky? Why would that be the case?
  - flavius29663 6y ago
    I didn't say that. I said that the antibodies might behave differently (this is purely theoretical, I have no idea) when presented with a spike vs a spike attached to a corona. That different behavior might cause different long term effects. It might be that the virus causes the worse long term effects and an auto immune attack... In fact, I personally know someone who got an auto-immune induced arthritis from getting a virus infection in central America.
    - deleted 6y ago
      [deleted]

aquadrop 6y ago

Considering that the original virus has this protein as well, I think getting the illness still will be worse. And in vaccine they can control amount of proteins produced. And they can check a lot of things before even hitting human trials, so risk should be minimal.

zilian 6y ago

Our bodies ard entirely capable of doing that without external mRNA. Im also interested in potential side effects when we already have an autoimmune disorder.