3 ms·

What makes the air too slow to get out of the way? I would have naively thought friction, and that if everything was frictionless the air would seamlessly move

What makes the air too slow to get out of the way? I would have naively thought friction, and that if everything was frictionless the air would seamlessly move to replace the vacuum behind the aircraft, and thus no compression would occur.

MereInterest 6y ago
To put it bluntly, air molecules aren't psychic. The only way they know what happens to neighboring air molecules is by running into them. At every-day velocities, this happens fast enough that we can treat it as though it is instantaneous. That the "vacuum" is a thing that sucks air in. At high velocities, this intuition breaks down. The communication time between molecules is limited to the speed of sound, the speed at which air molecules travel and bump into each other. If you are traveling faster than the speed of sound, (or several times faster, as is the case for re-entry), the air molecules don't have any information that an object is coming to them, because there hasn't been enough time for molecules hitting the object to then hit them.
henearkr 6y ago
I think this relates to the concept of viscosity for a gas.
vilhelm_s 6y ago
In an ideal frictionless gas (zero viscosity), the flow after the object has passed through will be identical to the flow before the object, so in that sense the air moves "seamlessly" around the object. But during this process, the pressure of the gas still changes. You can think of this as just newton's second law: in order to change the velocity of an air packet, you must apply a force to it, and pressure is just force per area. So any time a gas flows in anything other than a straight line, you know that there was a pressure gradient involved and the pressure was not constant. It's a common example in fluid mechanics textbooks to derive the flow of a zero-viscosity gas around a cylinder, you can get an exact solution e.g. here: http://brennen.caltech.edu/fluidbook/basicfluiddynamics/potentialflow/singularities/cylinder.pdf http://brennen.caltech.edu/fluidbook/basicfluiddynamics/pote... . Note that in this example there is no drag, but there are two zones of high pressure in front of and behind the cylinder. Those zones would have higher-than-ambient temperature.
herdrick 6y ago
Inertia.

MereInterest 6y ago

To put it bluntly, air molecules aren't psychic. The only way they know what happens to neighboring air molecules is by running into them. At every-day velocities, this happens fast enough that we can treat it as though it is instantaneous. That the "vacuum" is a thing that sucks air in. At high velocities, this intuition breaks down. The communication time between molecules is limited to the speed of sound, the speed at which air molecules travel and bump into each other. If you are traveling faster than the speed of sound, (or several times faster, as is the case for re-entry), the air molecules don't have any information that an object is coming to them, because there hasn't been enough time for molecules hitting the object to then hit them.

henearkr 6y ago

I think this relates to the concept of viscosity for a gas.

vilhelm_s 6y ago

In an ideal frictionless gas (zero viscosity), the flow after the object has passed through will be identical to the flow before the object, so in that sense the air moves "seamlessly" around the object. But during this process, the pressure of the gas still changes. You can think of this as just newton's second law: in order to change the velocity of an air packet, you must apply a force to it, and pressure is just force per area. So any time a gas flows in anything other than a straight line, you know that there was a pressure gradient involved and the pressure was not constant. It's a common example in fluid mechanics textbooks to derive the flow of a zero-viscosity gas around a cylinder, you can get an exact solution e.g. here: http://brennen.caltech.edu/fluidbook/basicfluiddynamics/potentialflow/singularities/cylinder.pdf http://brennen.caltech.edu/fluidbook/basicfluiddynamics/pote... . Note that in this example there is no drag, but there are two zones of high pressure in front of and behind the cylinder. Those zones would have higher-than-ambient temperature.

herdrick 6y ago

Inertia.