If the added velocities of the debris were unidirectional (along the debris's orbital velocity) then increasing their velocity enough would result in them break

If the added velocities of the debris were unidirectional (along the debris's orbital velocity) then increasing their velocity enough would result in them breaking free of orbit. But I doubt that you would be able to do either in reality (not to mention detonating nuclear bombs in space seems like a bad idea regardless of any other factors).