If you are referring to upper limits on password trials enforced by chips such as TPM, T2 or those in Yubikeys, these are software and hardware — but not fundam

If you are referring to upper limits on password trials enforced by chips such as TPM, T2 or those in Yubikeys, these are software and hardware — but not fundamental algorithmic — limits. I wouldn't say an HSM such as a Yubikey is secure against a government agency. But apart from that, you can take out the hard drive and deal directly with random blubs, bypassing software limits. Of course these measures are effective against the majority of the attackers, but we are talking about FBI here.