I've been on the receiving end of a $15K air ambulance bill (thankfully covered by insurance) as well as the out of network specialist at an in-network hospital

I've been on the receiving end of a $15K air ambulance bill (thankfully covered by insurance) as well as the out of network specialist at an in-network hospital. The latter is particularly galling. What are you supposed to do, interrogate every person that comes in the room That could present a rather interesting legal challenge... Say you state "I can only allow care from in-network physicians/personnel" - will they take that as you outright refusing care if they're not in-network? And if they decide they're not going to care for you because of this, and you end up dying, what would be the recourse? Did the personnel (esp. doctors) still have a duty to care for you? Or else on what exact basis would they conclude you refused care and let you die?