4 ms·

He does consistently misspell it as "paradice" across multiple letters, but why is it necessarily intentional? Two potential explanations for the consistency ar

He does consistently misspell it as "paradice" across multiple letters, but why is it necessarily intentional? Two potential explanations for the consistency are that he intended to call attention to it, or that he simply thought or assumed the word was spelled that way. It's a reasonable phonetic spelling, using an existing English word ("dice"). He has a lot of other phonetic misspellings like "victoms", "darck", "epasode", "pencel", "paterned", "cruse", "coupples", "untill", "allready", "dissapeared", "rubed", "positivily", "ventalate", "silowets", "choaked", "extreamly", "posibly", "twich", "comitt", "descise", "saterical", "comidy", "butons", "considerbly", "promiced", "shure", "inthusiastic", "phraises", "nucenses", "truley", and mistakes like "to many" and "loose" for "lose". It's possible there's a meaning to it, but I suspect the most boring explanation is the most likely one, there. He may have spent a lot more time speaking than reading/writing and perhaps might not have finished high school, or maybe just happens to not have been very good at memorizing spellings. His misspellings sound a lot like phonetic misspellings I still regularly see online today, and like how people tended to write English more phonetically and less consistently a few centuries ago. We take it for granted, but English really is not at all an intuitive language when determining spelling from pronunciation or vice versa, compared to more consistent languages like German. He does seem to have an interesting affinity for using the letter "c" almost any time a soft "c" or hard "c" could be called for, and sometimes eliding other letters. Like "twich", "darck", "promiced", and "paradice". I wonder if an automated analysis of basically every piece of writing you can find from around that time and area, taking some of those patterns into account, could uncover something. Like every single physical letter written to every newspaper about anything. It'd probably require way too much manual digitization labor to be feasible, though.

asveikau 6y ago
Whenever I've read material from the '60s or '70s, I've often noticed that phonetic misspellings were much more common in print in that time period than they are today. I always thought this was because it was much more tedious to check spelling before word processing software became common. Typos on internet forums notwithstanding, I might even guess the age of auto-correct, spell check, and, even things like how some OSs put squiggles over misspelled words in every text field (I think Mac was the first place I noticed this -- though I'm running firefox on FreeBSD and it's doing that in this edit field right now ...), has made the average literate person a better speller than that era. We get so much realtime feedback on spelling when writing on our devices, these opportunities to learn to spell, notice and correct our mistakes would not have at all been so accessible in 1969.
- meowface 6y ago
  Definitely. There's also probably a bit of selection bias when seeing what HN users think of it; a high percentage of users likely have (at least) decent writing skills and probably read things fairly often (even if it's just blog posts/emails/chats). If you read/write very rarely and speak very often, these kinds of misspellings may seem pretty natural. But if you write a lot - perhaps even a lot more than you speak - they may stick out like a sore thumb and your brain might flag them as highly unnatural and a potential sign of hidden meaning. (I'm probably like 99.5% writing 0.5% speaking, myself, and I bet many people reading this are, too.) Then combine it with one of the most mysterious and analyzed crime stories in US history, with a cryptic, megalomaniacal serial killer who loved to use ciphers and symbology to toy with the press, public, and police. I can definitely see why people might suspect something deeper to the spelling, but the null hypothesis always needs to be carefully considered, first. And a side note: does anyone know what the trends over the decades are like for less "hodgepodge-y" languages, like Spanish and German? They seem to have rules for pronouncing based on spelling and spelling based on pronunciation that are a lot more predictable and consistent than English's. I would guess that the popularization of spellcheck/autocorrect might be less significant for such languages, though I'd also love to be proven wrong.
  - asveikau 6y ago
    > And a side note: does anyone know what the trends over the decades are like for less "hodgepodge-y" languages, like Spanish and German? I'm an amateur observer of this, but speaking in centuries rather than decades I can tell you that Old Spanish up until a little bit after the time of Columbus had different phonetics for several consonants, and thus different spelling. eg. There was a /ʃ/ sound spelled with X, as well as a /ʒ/ which was spelled with J or GI, GE -- this all merged and is today spelt with J or GI, GE, pronounced [x]. Also what is today /θ/ in Spain was once distinct /ts/ and /dz/, written as ç and z respectively (today c and z). /b/ and /v/ had not yet merged and their spellings have since been sort of "re-based" to look like their Latin roots. <h> for a time was not silent, and many words that start with <h> used to have an /f/. So, the interesting thing about this relative to English: when pronunciation changed around 1500, they also updated the spelling.
jrumbut 6y ago
I always assumed it was to make deciphering just a little more difficult by having correct solutions include nonsense words and mess with the distribution of different letters.
- meowface 6y ago
  Most of the time, he appears to have also misspelled various things in his many plaintext letters, and generally the same things consistently, shared between encrypted and plaintext writing. They had the opposite effect of hardening the cipher and actually served as perfect "cribs" to aid decryption [1]. There are some occasions where a word is spelled correctly in one place and incorrectly in another, but this isn't necessarily anomalous for people who don't write or read very often or don't have a lot of spelling memorized. In some cases they might even be using some words they've only heard and spoken and never seen before (or only decades prior), and then might see the correct spelling later, or look it up. There's also the possibility he did it consistently because he wanted to mislead police about his knowledge/education/region. Haven't dug into it or anything, but I could definitely see either one being true (genuine mistake vs. subterfuge). [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crib_(cryptanalysis) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crib_(cryptanalysis)
viralpoetry 6y ago
Explanation can be simpler. If I design "classical" polyalphabetic cipher and seriously think about the possible attacks, removing frequent characters and introducing phonetic misspellings is the first think to do. Preventing frequency analysis and basic dictionary attacks make decrypting attack much harder.
weare138 6y ago
Another explanation that makes more sense to me is it was done intentionally to make it harder to decipher. When I was young our newspaper used to have cryptogram puzzles in them based on a simple substitute cipher. The first thing you look for is repeating letter patterns like double letters and common word patterns like words ending in 'ing' or 'tion' for example. In his cipher he tends to drop a letter in words like 'button' and adds double letters to words that don't have them. Plus in his plain text letters to the press and police he tends to spell everything correctly.
blindm 6y ago
> He does consistently misspell it as "paradice" across multiple letters Yes but I wouldn't read into it that much. Remember, reading the deciphered ramblings of a deranged psychopath is obviously going to have misspellings and weird idiosyncratic oddities in them. My take is (if the killer was in any way rational) is that he knew the plaintext would be unraveled at some stage. If not by quantum computers, then a team of dedicated sleuths who know how to program. So yes: the misspelling could be deliberate.

asveikau 6y ago

Whenever I've read material from the '60s or '70s, I've often noticed that phonetic misspellings were much more common in print in that time period than they are today. I always thought this was because it was much more tedious to check spelling before word processing software became common. Typos on internet forums notwithstanding, I might even guess the age of auto-correct, spell check, and, even things like how some OSs put squiggles over misspelled words in every text field (I think Mac was the first place I noticed this -- though I'm running firefox on FreeBSD and it's doing that in this edit field right now ...), has made the average literate person a better speller than that era. We get so much realtime feedback on spelling when writing on our devices, these opportunities to learn to spell, notice and correct our mistakes would not have at all been so accessible in 1969.

meowface 6y ago
Definitely. There's also probably a bit of selection bias when seeing what HN users think of it; a high percentage of users likely have (at least) decent writing skills and probably read things fairly often (even if it's just blog posts/emails/chats). If you read/write very rarely and speak very often, these kinds of misspellings may seem pretty natural. But if you write a lot - perhaps even a lot more than you speak - they may stick out like a sore thumb and your brain might flag them as highly unnatural and a potential sign of hidden meaning. (I'm probably like 99.5% writing 0.5% speaking, myself, and I bet many people reading this are, too.) Then combine it with one of the most mysterious and analyzed crime stories in US history, with a cryptic, megalomaniacal serial killer who loved to use ciphers and symbology to toy with the press, public, and police. I can definitely see why people might suspect something deeper to the spelling, but the null hypothesis always needs to be carefully considered, first. And a side note: does anyone know what the trends over the decades are like for less "hodgepodge-y" languages, like Spanish and German? They seem to have rules for pronouncing based on spelling and spelling based on pronunciation that are a lot more predictable and consistent than English's. I would guess that the popularization of spellcheck/autocorrect might be less significant for such languages, though I'd also love to be proven wrong.
- asveikau 6y ago
  > And a side note: does anyone know what the trends over the decades are like for less "hodgepodge-y" languages, like Spanish and German? I'm an amateur observer of this, but speaking in centuries rather than decades I can tell you that Old Spanish up until a little bit after the time of Columbus had different phonetics for several consonants, and thus different spelling. eg. There was a /ʃ/ sound spelled with X, as well as a /ʒ/ which was spelled with J or GI, GE -- this all merged and is today spelt with J or GI, GE, pronounced [x]. Also what is today /θ/ in Spain was once distinct /ts/ and /dz/, written as ç and z respectively (today c and z). /b/ and /v/ had not yet merged and their spellings have since been sort of "re-based" to look like their Latin roots. <h> for a time was not silent, and many words that start with <h> used to have an /f/. So, the interesting thing about this relative to English: when pronunciation changed around 1500, they also updated the spelling.

jrumbut 6y ago

I always assumed it was to make deciphering just a little more difficult by having correct solutions include nonsense words and mess with the distribution of different letters.

meowface 6y ago
Most of the time, he appears to have also misspelled various things in his many plaintext letters, and generally the same things consistently, shared between encrypted and plaintext writing. They had the opposite effect of hardening the cipher and actually served as perfect "cribs" to aid decryption [1]. There are some occasions where a word is spelled correctly in one place and incorrectly in another, but this isn't necessarily anomalous for people who don't write or read very often or don't have a lot of spelling memorized. In some cases they might even be using some words they've only heard and spoken and never seen before (or only decades prior), and then might see the correct spelling later, or look it up. There's also the possibility he did it consistently because he wanted to mislead police about his knowledge/education/region. Haven't dug into it or anything, but I could definitely see either one being true (genuine mistake vs. subterfuge). [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crib_(cryptanalysis) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crib_(cryptanalysis)

viralpoetry 6y ago

Explanation can be simpler. If I design "classical" polyalphabetic cipher and seriously think about the possible attacks, removing frequent characters and introducing phonetic misspellings is the first think to do. Preventing frequency analysis and basic dictionary attacks make decrypting attack much harder.

weare138 6y ago

Another explanation that makes more sense to me is it was done intentionally to make it harder to decipher. When I was young our newspaper used to have cryptogram puzzles in them based on a simple substitute cipher. The first thing you look for is repeating letter patterns like double letters and common word patterns like words ending in 'ing' or 'tion' for example. In his cipher he tends to drop a letter in words like 'button' and adds double letters to words that don't have them. Plus in his plain text letters to the press and police he tends to spell everything correctly.

blindm 6y ago

> He does consistently misspell it as "paradice" across multiple letters Yes but I wouldn't read into it that much. Remember, reading the deciphered ramblings of a deranged psychopath is obviously going to have misspellings and weird idiosyncratic oddities in them. My take is (if the killer was in any way rational) is that he knew the plaintext would be unraveled at some stage. If not by quantum computers, then a team of dedicated sleuths who know how to program. So yes: the misspelling could be deliberate.