This is a very good answer. Perhaps one thing to add is that the underlying problem is always a mistaken belief that you can draw a general conclusion from a li

This is a very good answer. Perhaps one thing to add is that the underlying problem is always a mistaken belief that you can draw a general conclusion from a limited data set. The data may be flawed in many ways, so there is no automatic assumption that any conclusion is correct. And - as this answer says - this is a completely different process to discovering a robust causal mechanism that can reliably explain a correlation and predict its persistence into the future.