Debugging skils are generally useful, even outside of programming, because they are general problem-solving skills, applied to a problem with a program. I doub

Debugging skils are generally useful, even outside of programming, because they are general problem-solving skills, applied to a problem with a program. I doubt that they cannot be taught, but if that is so, then it would seem that programming cannot be taught either, as debugging is a necessary part of programming. While debugging may require self-direction and creativity, it can hardly need more than that needed to come up with a working program, starting from nothing more than a goal. The more interesting question is how is it possible to teach someone programming (or digital circuit design) without instilling an ability to debug? If classes are churning out programmers who cannot debug, can their graduates really be called programmers?