You could use a [WIM image][1]. They can be mounted rw or ro and have file-level deduplication. Microsoft's official tooling is necessary to mount them on Windo

You could use a [WIM image][1]. They can be mounted rw or ro and have file-level deduplication. Microsoft's official tooling is necessary to mount them on Windows as [the only open source implementation I am aware of][2] uses FUSE for mounting. [1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Imaging_Format https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Imaging_Format [2]: https://wimlib.net/ https://wimlib.net/