I'm a doc from The Netherlands so can only comment on our system. Here when you file a complaint it will be sent to a local commission first. This commission co

I'm a doc from The Netherlands so can only comment on our system. Here when you file a complaint it will be sent to a local commission first. This commission consisting of doctors will look at the viability of your complaint. This commission consists of doctors working in the same field as the doctor whom possibly did something wrong but cannot have close relations to the doc being investigated. If they see a valid case they will send it to a medical court consisting of doctors (3) and legal professions (2) who will judge the case. So if a way it is like 'complaining about the police to the local sheriff'. However all commissions consist of multiple people from different hospitals. I don't think it's a 100% fail-proof system but by having MDs look at the case first a lot of cases that will never ever lead to a penalty will be filtered out.