Wow. I'm sorry, but you've completely misinterpreted both what I was trying to say, and what those Redux-related APIs do. A lot of people seem to assume that "

Wow. I'm sorry, but you've completely misinterpreted both what I was trying to say, and what those Redux-related APIs do. A lot of people seem to assume that "using TS" means "must use the `class` keyword and deep inheritance chains", ala Java and C#. Redux, on the other hand, is FP-inspired. Nothing about the Redux core involves classes in any way - everything is just functions, including the middleware API, with an emphasis on immutability. You brought up Redux's use of immutable state updates, but then said "that doesn't translate well to TS". I was attempting to show that it _does_ translate just fine to TS, because TS lets you write functions and make immutable updates. `return {...state, field: value}` works as fine in TS as it does in JS. I wasn't trying to touch anything about "what a message is". Having said that, the rest of your observations about the Redux core and React-Redux APIs in this comment show a general misunderstanding of what Redux is and how it gets used. After all, Dan and Andrew came up with the actual React-Redux API, the concept of `mapDispatch` for passing action creators as props to React components, and the thunk middleware. The Redux Toolkit `builder.addMatcher` API is a recent addition, but all it is is syntax sugar for "if the dispatched action is any one of these types, we want to update to it", same as if I wrote a multi-condition `if` statement by hand. None those have anything to do with TS, and they did not become more complex because we're now using TypeScript. In fact, it's the other way around - the complexity of the dynamic JavaScript behavior actually requires us to write much more complex TS types to capture how the code actually works. (There's a good reason why the React-Redux TS types are insanely complex, and I'm so glad they're maintained in DefinitelyTyped instead of by us! `connect` has so many overloads and different options that affect downstream props values, it's almost impossible to capture that with static types.)