13 ms·

Why most African countries are not prospering

35 points by iafrikan 6y ago

estsauver 6y ago
It seems pay wall'ed to me/gated behind a required email subscription.
- dustinmoris 6y ago
  EDIT: Below is the text of the article. --- Why most African countries are not prospering By Tefo Mohapi - 28 April 2020 It is not by mistake, “juju”, or a curse that most African nations are failing and in most cases poor (as far as providing a good life for citizens is concerned). Despite being blessed with having all sorts of natural resources, land, etc. to this day, Africa is “poor.” Correction, not poor, but terribly managed. Botswana is arguably one of few countries in Africa that has been able to hold onto being stable and relatively prosperous over the decades and centuries. This is both before the British came to the country and after Botswana assumed independence. The Southern African country is doing relatively well for its citizens not because it has a small population (many countries have similar populations as Botswana but are failing) but simply because, even after assuming presidency, Seretse Khama and his political party chose to enforce inclusive political and economic institutions. Of course the country has had its fair share of problems but it has fared better for its citizens than many African countries. 1950: Ruth Williams Khama with Seretse Khama on a hill somewhere in Botswana. Credit - History Today It’s worse when you consider that today, almost all the world’s knowledge is not only available in books, but also in most cases for free on the web. So, if that’s the case, with all the technology solutions available in the world and all the knowledge available, why are most African countries failing? I would argue the primary reason, at the core of it all, the wrong people are in the wrong positions. As such, the wrong people are making the wrong decisions based purely on their egos and patronage. Think about it. It is actually like a pyramid (scheme) of patronage, with decisions at every level made in favour of whoever the next upper level patron is. So, for example, instead of hiring the best people and deploying the best available technology to address any particular problem, a solution and people that do things that benefit the patron are entrusted with developing solutions. This is also why criticism which aims to improve is also frowned upon in general, because…that’s not how patronage works. Which brings me to one of the most insightful books I have read - Why Nations Fail. I think the book "Why Nations Fail" should be required curriculum before anyone assumes any public service office at any level in any African country. In the book Daron Acemoğlu and James A. Robinson explain what causes countries to fail economically, giving specific examples throughout history. In the same vein, they give case studies on how to "break the mold." The above diagram is a good illustration of the key concept of the book, i.e. the more extractive a country's political and economic systems, the more likely it will fail and not benefit its citizens. So, the next step that follows from a system of patronage is that extractive political and economic systems are developed (the authors don’t mention patronage, but I think it is a precursor to the beginning of a failing state). For example, despite it being known that digitized and transparent government procurement systems are the most efficient (for the benefit of citizens), a country that runs heavily on a patronage network will hang onto inefficient methods simply because new technology threatens this patronage pyramid (scheme). This is also something many technology startup founders miss when they pitch their efficient and innovative solutions to African governments, i.e.if it threatens the patronage network, my friend, forget it. How do we get our various African countries out of this cycle of poverty and failure?
  - benc666 6y ago
    "the primary reason, at the core of it all, the wrong people are in the wrong positions". South Africa in 2020 is a case study for that. Inheriting the most industrialized economy in the whole of Africa in 1994, the ANC government's methodology of deploying cadres - instead of the most capable person for the job - led to exactly where the country is at make-or-break point due to an incapable state unable to deliver services it taxes the citizens still able to pay taxes, so dearly for.
- iafrikan 6y ago
  There's no paywall or required subscription
  - nottorp 6y ago
    The article just ends abruptly.
Edmond 6y ago
Painting with such a broad brush is not particularly meaningful. Africa is huge and it's challenges and triumphs equally myriad. Patronage is hardly unique to African countries.
- jjk166 6y ago
  But wherever there is patronage, you run into similar problems, and patronage seems to be a common denominator amongst many of africa's worst-off states.
  - iafrikan 6y ago
    Exactly.
- iafrikan 6y ago
  The title reads "...most African countries" i.e. not all
bayesian_horse 6y ago
The text reads like "The wrong people are in power - put me in power!"
at-fates-hands 6y ago
Ongoing civil wars don't help much either: The Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project, which monitors incidents of conflict around the world, found that there had been 21 600 incidents of armed conflict in Africa in 2019 (up to 30 November). For the same period in 2018, that number was just 15 874. That represents a 36% increase. Conflict is still Africa’s biggest challenge in 2020 https://reliefweb.int/report/world/conflict-still-africa-s-biggest-challenge-2020 https://reliefweb.int/report/world/conflict-still-africa-s-b...
ku-man 6y ago
The author should specify that he is referring to black Africa. At some point in recent history Lybia wasn't doing that bad I understand (oil money).
wahoojoq 6y ago
Answer is simple. Two words. Corruption, Geography.
redgrange 6y ago
European countries created African country borders without an understanding (or care) of the culture and relationships/feuds between a whole continent of people. They put these people together in countries and flipped all of that long history upside down.
- rayiner 6y ago
  I don’t want to diminish the impact of European colonialism, but that’s not really actionable in 2020. Bangladesh, where I’m from, was stripped of capital by the British Empire. Okay, now what? How does that fix the weak rule of law, the political patronage, etc? And it’s not like European countries don’t have a long history of sectarian and ethnic warfare.
  - filleduchaos 6y ago
    It is actionable, the powers that be are simply averse to acting on it. I will never understand the drive to preserve nation constructs that are barely a century old in many cases at all costs.
    - JoeAltmaier 6y ago
      Because in many cases, that independence was won at a terrible cost. To dissolve the result for convenience seems a tragedy in some cases.
      - filleduchaos 6y ago
        Sunk cost fallacy writ large.
        vsskanth 6y ago
        Easy for you to say. It's the people at the margins that suffer from the chaos changing these borders wouls cause.
GoodJokes 6y ago
Probably the whole colonialism thing.
chmod600 6y ago
It's never one cause. In complex systems like life, you should expect a lot of variance. But one interesting observation I was reading about was the lack of navigable waterways. Waterways make travel and trade (especially in large quantities) much easier. That then leads to a lot of cultural mixing, learning, and shared prosperity. Africa lacks these navigable waterways compared with Northern and Western Europe or many parts of Asia. The invention of air travel helps, but the second- and third-order effects will linger. I should also point out that it's not an unqualified bad thing. More separation leads to a different culture and, in some ways, more diversity. But it's not great for prosperity.
- bryanlarsen 6y ago
  But does it? A quick Google says that the Nile River, Niger, Benue, Congo and Zambezi are navigable. And European rivers are in many cases only navigable because they were canal'd and dredged. One thing that really struck me on my first trip to Europe was how small some of its historically famous rivers really were. In my mind a navigable river was the size of the St. Lawrence or the Mississippi.
  - chmod600 6y ago
    I'm just repeating what I read. I assume it has to do with a combination of rivers and coastline compared to total land area. Africa is huge compared to the coastline, for instance.
  - levi-turner 6y ago
    My memory from some introductory classes in African Studies from the mid-aughts has any relevancy here. The standard narrative at the time was that the Colonial investments in Africa, as a rule, involved building infrastructure to connect the interiors to the cost in the colony. The consequence of this is that post-colonial economies do not get to leverage this investment for inter-country trade. Imagine trade from Chicago to New York _requiring_ routing through the Mississippi up the coast to the port of New York. From a cursory look over the waterways of Africa, I am seeing similar features (interior > coast without much cross country coverage). At the end of the day we're all outsiders to this field, but I do wonder whether focusing on the presence / length without the connectivity overlay is missing a key component.
deleted 6y ago
[deleted]
charliebrownau 6y ago
Simple 1. they are black 2. they have been subverted by jews 3. they are blaming whites for their failures 4. they are MASS MURDERING white farmers
known 6y ago
Priorities/policies should be aligned to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs
vsskanth 6y ago
TLDR - extractive economic systems built on a system of patronage, hard to disrupt
potiuper 6y ago
Sarafu, which is aimed at fostering local community economies, seems to be on a path towards acceptance in Kenya. It was able to expand beyond a scale of 100 to 200 businesses with the transition from paper to a blockchain backing.

35 points by iafrikan 6y ago

estsauver 6y ago

It seems pay wall'ed to me/gated behind a required email subscription.

dustinmoris 6y ago
EDIT: Below is the text of the article. --- Why most African countries are not prospering By Tefo Mohapi - 28 April 2020 It is not by mistake, “juju”, or a curse that most African nations are failing and in most cases poor (as far as providing a good life for citizens is concerned). Despite being blessed with having all sorts of natural resources, land, etc. to this day, Africa is “poor.” Correction, not poor, but terribly managed. Botswana is arguably one of few countries in Africa that has been able to hold onto being stable and relatively prosperous over the decades and centuries. This is both before the British came to the country and after Botswana assumed independence. The Southern African country is doing relatively well for its citizens not because it has a small population (many countries have similar populations as Botswana but are failing) but simply because, even after assuming presidency, Seretse Khama and his political party chose to enforce inclusive political and economic institutions. Of course the country has had its fair share of problems but it has fared better for its citizens than many African countries. 1950: Ruth Williams Khama with Seretse Khama on a hill somewhere in Botswana. Credit - History Today It’s worse when you consider that today, almost all the world’s knowledge is not only available in books, but also in most cases for free on the web. So, if that’s the case, with all the technology solutions available in the world and all the knowledge available, why are most African countries failing? I would argue the primary reason, at the core of it all, the wrong people are in the wrong positions. As such, the wrong people are making the wrong decisions based purely on their egos and patronage. Think about it. It is actually like a pyramid (scheme) of patronage, with decisions at every level made in favour of whoever the next upper level patron is. So, for example, instead of hiring the best people and deploying the best available technology to address any particular problem, a solution and people that do things that benefit the patron are entrusted with developing solutions. This is also why criticism which aims to improve is also frowned upon in general, because…that’s not how patronage works. Which brings me to one of the most insightful books I have read - Why Nations Fail. I think the book "Why Nations Fail" should be required curriculum before anyone assumes any public service office at any level in any African country. In the book Daron Acemoğlu and James A. Robinson explain what causes countries to fail economically, giving specific examples throughout history. In the same vein, they give case studies on how to "break the mold." The above diagram is a good illustration of the key concept of the book, i.e. the more extractive a country's political and economic systems, the more likely it will fail and not benefit its citizens. So, the next step that follows from a system of patronage is that extractive political and economic systems are developed (the authors don’t mention patronage, but I think it is a precursor to the beginning of a failing state). For example, despite it being known that digitized and transparent government procurement systems are the most efficient (for the benefit of citizens), a country that runs heavily on a patronage network will hang onto inefficient methods simply because new technology threatens this patronage pyramid (scheme). This is also something many technology startup founders miss when they pitch their efficient and innovative solutions to African governments, i.e.if it threatens the patronage network, my friend, forget it. How do we get our various African countries out of this cycle of poverty and failure?
- benc666 6y ago
  "the primary reason, at the core of it all, the wrong people are in the wrong positions". South Africa in 2020 is a case study for that. Inheriting the most industrialized economy in the whole of Africa in 1994, the ANC government's methodology of deploying cadres - instead of the most capable person for the job - led to exactly where the country is at make-or-break point due to an incapable state unable to deliver services it taxes the citizens still able to pay taxes, so dearly for.
iafrikan 6y ago
There's no paywall or required subscription
- nottorp 6y ago
  The article just ends abruptly.

Edmond 6y ago

Painting with such a broad brush is not particularly meaningful. Africa is huge and it's challenges and triumphs equally myriad. Patronage is hardly unique to African countries.

jjk166 6y ago
But wherever there is patronage, you run into similar problems, and patronage seems to be a common denominator amongst many of africa's worst-off states.
- iafrikan 6y ago
  Exactly.
iafrikan 6y ago
The title reads "...most African countries" i.e. not all

bayesian_horse 6y ago

The text reads like "The wrong people are in power - put me in power!"

at-fates-hands 6y ago

Ongoing civil wars don't help much either: The Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project, which monitors incidents of conflict around the world, found that there had been 21 600 incidents of armed conflict in Africa in 2019 (up to 30 November). For the same period in 2018, that number was just 15 874. That represents a 36% increase. Conflict is still Africa’s biggest challenge in 2020 https://reliefweb.int/report/world/conflict-still-africa-s-biggest-challenge-2020 https://reliefweb.int/report/world/conflict-still-africa-s-b...

ku-man 6y ago

The author should specify that he is referring to black Africa. At some point in recent history Lybia wasn't doing that bad I understand (oil money).

wahoojoq 6y ago

Answer is simple. Two words. Corruption, Geography.

redgrange 6y ago

European countries created African country borders without an understanding (or care) of the culture and relationships/feuds between a whole continent of people. They put these people together in countries and flipped all of that long history upside down.

rayiner 6y ago
I don’t want to diminish the impact of European colonialism, but that’s not really actionable in 2020. Bangladesh, where I’m from, was stripped of capital by the British Empire. Okay, now what? How does that fix the weak rule of law, the political patronage, etc? And it’s not like European countries don’t have a long history of sectarian and ethnic warfare.
- filleduchaos 6y ago
  It is actionable, the powers that be are simply averse to acting on it. I will never understand the drive to preserve nation constructs that are barely a century old in many cases at all costs.
  - JoeAltmaier 6y ago
    Because in many cases, that independence was won at a terrible cost. To dissolve the result for convenience seems a tragedy in some cases.
    - filleduchaos 6y ago
      Sunk cost fallacy writ large.
      - vsskanth 6y ago
        Easy for you to say. It's the people at the margins that suffer from the chaos changing these borders wouls cause.

GoodJokes 6y ago

Probably the whole colonialism thing.

chmod600 6y ago

It's never one cause. In complex systems like life, you should expect a lot of variance. But one interesting observation I was reading about was the lack of navigable waterways. Waterways make travel and trade (especially in large quantities) much easier. That then leads to a lot of cultural mixing, learning, and shared prosperity. Africa lacks these navigable waterways compared with Northern and Western Europe or many parts of Asia. The invention of air travel helps, but the second- and third-order effects will linger. I should also point out that it's not an unqualified bad thing. More separation leads to a different culture and, in some ways, more diversity. But it's not great for prosperity.

bryanlarsen 6y ago
But does it? A quick Google says that the Nile River, Niger, Benue, Congo and Zambezi are navigable. And European rivers are in many cases only navigable because they were canal'd and dredged. One thing that really struck me on my first trip to Europe was how small some of its historically famous rivers really were. In my mind a navigable river was the size of the St. Lawrence or the Mississippi.
- chmod600 6y ago
  I'm just repeating what I read. I assume it has to do with a combination of rivers and coastline compared to total land area. Africa is huge compared to the coastline, for instance.
- levi-turner 6y ago
  My memory from some introductory classes in African Studies from the mid-aughts has any relevancy here. The standard narrative at the time was that the Colonial investments in Africa, as a rule, involved building infrastructure to connect the interiors to the cost in the colony. The consequence of this is that post-colonial economies do not get to leverage this investment for inter-country trade. Imagine trade from Chicago to New York _requiring_ routing through the Mississippi up the coast to the port of New York. From a cursory look over the waterways of Africa, I am seeing similar features (interior > coast without much cross country coverage). At the end of the day we're all outsiders to this field, but I do wonder whether focusing on the presence / length without the connectivity overlay is missing a key component.

deleted 6y ago

[deleted]

charliebrownau 6y ago

Simple 1. they are black 2. they have been subverted by jews 3. they are blaming whites for their failures 4. they are MASS MURDERING white farmers

known 6y ago

Priorities/policies should be aligned to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs

vsskanth 6y ago

TLDR - extractive economic systems built on a system of patronage, hard to disrupt

potiuper 6y ago

Sarafu, which is aimed at fostering local community economies, seems to be on a path towards acceptance in Kenya. It was able to expand beyond a scale of 100 to 200 businesses with the transition from paper to a blockchain backing.