You might be interested in this [1] 'Rise and Fall of Great Powers' - they go through the industrial output numbers in great detail from 1500-1950 and articulat

You might be interested in this [1] 'Rise and Fall of Great Powers' - they go through the industrial output numbers in great detail from 1500-1950 and articulate Russia's constant problems at length. And yes, Japan and China were 'way behind' as well in most of the modern era. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Great_Powers#:~:text=The%20Rise%20and%20Fall%20of%20the%20Great%20Powers%3A%20Economic%20Change,the%20reason%20for%20their%20decline https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Great....