> DAGs are not the only valid approach to causality It has been a truism to some that "most efforts in policy are responses to previous efforts in policy." In

> DAGs are not the only valid approach to causality It has been a truism to some that "most efforts in policy are responses to previous efforts in policy." In SPC you can measure noise and overcontrol. With a long-lived policy-making institution [unusual?] honesty might admit to facing effects of previous well-intentioned policies.