>you cannot learn causality from observational data alone. As others have pointed out, this is kind of the point of much of Pearl's work on causality. Specific

>you cannot learn causality from observational data alone. As others have pointed out, this is kind of the point of much of Pearl's work on causality. Specifically, do-calculus provides a set of primitive operations that can be used to convert queries in interventional/counterfactual (causal) distributions to estimands in a purely observational distribution.