It depends on what's going on. JIT compilers have more information to optimize on so they can do surprising things. For example, FFI calls into shared libraries

It depends on what's going on. JIT compilers have more information to optimize on so they can do surprising things. For example, FFI calls into shared libraries is generally faster with fast JIT languages. https://github.com/dyu/ffi-overhead https://github.com/dyu/ffi-overhead This is one reason why you could see Julia outperforming Fortran in some cases where the FFI speed matters. But Fortran does have easier aliasing analysis (because you can't alias) so that helps there, but other than that most of the compiler passes are pretty much the same.