I guess this is kind of surprising/interesting if you haven't taken a functional programming course in university, but as others have pointed out, proxy is just

I guess this is kind of surprising/interesting if you haven't taken a functional programming course in university, but as others have pointed out, proxy is just a simpler wrapper on top of 'apply'/'call'. You should read the docs on those two functions, as the difference in the way they work is subtle but worth understanding.