One approach is by Legg&Hutter; "Intelligence measures an agent's ability to achieve goals in a wide range of environments", which they also try to formalize in

One approach is by Legg&Hutter; "Intelligence measures an agent's ability to achieve goals in a wide range of environments", which they also try to formalize in https://zoo.cs.yale.edu/classes/cs671/12f/12f-papers/legg+hutter-universal.pdf https://zoo.cs.yale.edu/classes/cs671/12f/12f-papers/legg+hu... This goes hand in hand with a functional definition of knowledge, where we judge whether a system or an agent "really knows" something through measuring success or failure in a variety of scenarios where knowing that thing (and properly applying that knowledge) is necessary to make an effective decision. Or, quoting Forrest Gump, stupid is as stupid does.