One thing I wish the piece touched on is the way that these platforms have evolved into anti-competitive environments due to a kind of vertical integration. Go

One thing I wish the piece touched on is the way that these platforms have evolved into anti-competitive environments due to a kind of vertical integration. Google doesn't just control the operating system or the OEMs. Their agreements with OEMs benefit their own applications over the competition's, effectively allowing Google to leverage its power as a platform to benefit its apps developed for its platform. We've seen the exact same dynamic play out with Amazon and its products. It's only this year that Apple has allowed third party apps to serve as replacements for its default web browser and other apps on iOS. This particular kind of anticompetitive behavior definitely meets the standard of negatively affecting consumers because of the extent to which it intentionally limits the end-user's ability to choose the competition.