Different aspects. It's quite possible that most jobs are low-value bullshit (as observed by anthropologists) while at the same time they have non-zero contribu

Different aspects. It's quite possible that most jobs are low-value bullshit (as observed by anthropologists) while at the same time they have non-zero contribution to the economy, because there's a market for whatever output they happen to produce (as observed by economists). And both seem to be very much true. After all the economy is not just made of cars, but there are paintings, and festivals, and there are people who pay to travel to other places just to see that place with their own eyes, and it's also charity, and it's also insurance, finance, and other meta-services, and whatever humans prefer more than keeping their money in their wallet (or in ETFs). Add to all this the good old agent-principal problem, and we can quickly see why there are bullshit jobs. Because lot of decision makers (especially when the responsibility is diffused) opt to organize work in a way that helps themselves by helping those who are close to them. (Eg. nepotism, cronyism, but also the watered down versions of them too, when someone just gets a bullshit job.) Furthermore, it's a testament to how much economic surplus is produced nowadays that so many relatively low-output jobs can be sustained. Aaand, there's also one other important point considering these seemingly do-nothing paper-pusher jobs. They are (knowledge and know-how) buffers for organizations against fluctuation. They provide stable (hand off) points for more productive more fast moving folks. (Literally, if someone changes positions inside an or between organization(s) they need someone to tell them about the boring details. And since reading all the thousands of documents produced each year is very useless, it's economical to have people keep stuff in their head.) Could it be done better? Sure. That's what startups try to do, to "disrupt" the old inefficient network of work. But as they grow they too face the same problems (though of course usually on a different level).