A textbook example is interop in email vs interop in instant messengers. Email was standardized, while instant messengers are left to the whims of individual co

A textbook example is interop in email vs interop in instant messengers. Email was standardized, while instant messengers are left to the whims of individual companies. Normal interop isn't a hard problem, unless there's complicating circumstances (but then you have bigger problems), it's just that companies are incentivized to restrict it for their benefit.