An analogy. Perhaps 20% of modern integrated circuits are dedicated to testing. Perhaps the same percent of GDP is spent combating crime. In a ideal world, we'd

An analogy. Perhaps 20% of modern integrated circuits are dedicated to testing. Perhaps the same percent of GDP is spent combating crime. In a ideal world, we'd not need to waste all that silicon real estate on testing. And in an ideal world, we wouldn't be wasting resource on combating crime. But the world is not ideal.