A series of causal events requires network reccurance for time to be calculable. If it's not calculable it can't be said to exist in any mathematical sense. So,

A series of causal events requires network reccurance for time to be calculable. If it's not calculable it can't be said to exist in any mathematical sense. So, a series of non-reccurent causal events at the fundamental level processes causally without the existence of time. The same is true of "space" for the same reason. A causal network without reccurence (a tree) has no way to compare objects since there are no horizontal relations and it cannot "look" at backwards relations. A non-reccurent causal tree has multiple instances of "here" and "now." But without anything to compare a given here/now to the concepts are internally meaningless.