They don't even need a paywall. If they don't want to be listed on Google they can always use robots.txt. We've been through this in Germany. Publishers demand

They don't even need a paywall. If they don't want to be listed on Google they can always use robots.txt. We've been through this in Germany. Publishers demanded to be paid for Google usage of results and news snippets. Google thankfully didn't give in to such a ridiculous demand and gave publishers the option to de-index them or keep listing them for free. Obviously all of them opted for the latter.