To paraphrase: Not everyone who hides data is a liar, but all liars hide data. The rule isn't to positively identify liars. The rule isn't to positively identi

To paraphrase: Not everyone who hides data is a liar, but all liars hide data. The rule isn't to positively identify liars. The rule isn't to positively identify non-liars either. The rule is to dismiss as many liars as possible as fast as possible. By immediately dismissing anyone who doesn't want you to check their work or doesn't give you all the information necessary to recreate their work, you will dismiss a lot of liars with little effort. You will also dismiss some people who aren't lying, but that's actually ok. It's better to dismiss an honest study that doesn't meet scrutiny rather than accept a dishonest study. Eventually, either the data will come out and you can vet the information, or someone else will reach the same conclusion and they will share their data. Liars can never reach that point.