I have a problem with this article, which is that treats JavaScript "programs" as different from other resources on the web. Must the HTML and CSS which make up

I have a problem with this article, which is that treats JavaScript "programs" as different from other resources on the web. Must the HTML and CSS which make up a webpage be free? What about pictures, audio, and video? JavaScript may be the most flexible language which web browsers natively understand, but HTML has long included forms (now with support for validation) and CSS lets authors program complex, interactive rules for presentation. Even without JavaScript, websites like Gmail are undeniably applications (in this case, a mail reader, manager, and composer), some part of which are downloaded to and rendered by your own computer. (P.S. I believe I've heard about more security vulnerabilities in browsers' handling of images than in their JavaScript engines. Also, CSS is turning complete: https://github.com/elitheeli/oddities/blob/master/rule110-grid.html https://github.com/elitheeli/oddities/blob/master/rule110-gr...)